Next-Generation Probiotics: Challenges and Future Therapeutic Potential in Human Health

The human microbiome plays a crucial role in maintaining health and preventing disease. Traditional probiotics, primarily derived from lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, have been widely used for gut health and immune support. However, recent advancements in microbiome research have led to the emergence of next-generation probiotics (NGPs), which include novel bacterial species like Akkermansia muciniphila, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and Eubacterium species. These NGPs offer targeted benefits, such as enhancing gut barrier function, modulating inflammation, and improving metabolic health. Despite their promising therapeutic potential, the commercialization of NGPs faces challenges, including regulatory uncertainties, safety validation, and large-scale production difficulties. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of NGPs, comparing them with traditional probiotics, discussing their mechanisms of action, and evaluating their applications in metabolic, neurological, and immune-related disorders. Additionally, we explore the challenges associated with their development and propose future research directions, including personalized microbiome-based therapies and innovative delivery systems. With growing scientific interest and technological advancements, NGPs are poised to revolutionize healthcare by offering precise and effective microbiome-based interventions.